A monocrystalline solar panel is constructed from a number of photovoltaic (PV) cells which is created from a single crystal of silicon. Photovoltaic cells are connected in series within a solar module to convert light into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. The crystalline silicon cells are designed to absorb a maximum number of photons (particles of light) from solar radiation. They are fabricated on a silicon wafer or substrate near the surface of which a p-n junction is formed using semiconductor processing techniques. Absorption of the incident photons in photoactive layers creates electron and hole pairs in the bulk of the substrate. As holes move to a positive electrode while electrons flow to the negative electrode because of the interfacial electrical field of the p-n junction. The movement of these electrons and holes to their corresponding electrodes leads to the generation of an electrical current.
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